ریشه های پلورالیسم

از بچگی (یعنی وقتی از این هم بچه تر بودم) همیشه درگیر این سوال ها بودم که "کار خوب یا بد یعنی چه؟"، "اصلاً کی یا چی تعیین می کند که کاری خوب است یا بد؟!"، یا اینکه "آیا خدا (که همزمان هم مهربان است و هم عادل) به کافران و غیرمسلمانانی که کار خوب می کند هم پاداش می دهد یا خیر؟" (بعله! به هر حال بنده از همان عنفوان کودکی، با مسائل جدی در حوزه فلسفه اخلاق و الهیات درگیر بوده ام!) و یا مثلاً همان سوال کلیشه ای که " بالاخره خدا، حضرات ادیسون و بِل و فلمینگ و پاستور و دیگران را، با آن همه سابقه خدمت به بشریت، به بهشت نعیم خود راه می دهد یا خیر؟"

 

اکنون که بیست و چهارمین سال عمر هم از نیمه گذشته، هنوز پاسخ روشنی برای بسیاری از این پرسش های کودکی ندارم؛ البته در خیلی از موارد تصمیم گرفته ام کار خدا را به خدا واگذار کنم و در باقی موارد هم خرده نظراتی دارم که گمان می کنم ریشه در کتب ضاله ای داشته باشد که در همان کودکی خوانده ام! برشی از یکی این کتب در ادامه آمده است.

 

پ.ن1: متن از کتاب آخرین نبرد، از مجموعه افسانه های نارنیا، نوشته آقای سی. اس. لوئیس است.

پ.ن2: بابت بیگانه بودن زبان متن پوزش می طلبم. ضمناً متن از قول شخصی نقل می شود که لهجه او برای بیگانگان هم کمی بیگانه است! (لذا آنچه آمده، ایراد تایپی ندارد، بلکه همانی است که نویسنده مرقوم داشته است!)

پ.ن3: ناگفته نماند که بعضاً گفته می شود (و به نظر نیز صحیح می رسد) که نویسنده در این کتاب، به صورت کاملاً نمادین و در پوشش تشبیهات و استعاره های فراوان، شدیداً برای ارائه چهره ای سیاه از اسلام (در مقابل چهره ای سفید از مسیحیت) کوشیده است! خلاصه آنکه راقم این سطور (همین سطور فارسی را عرض می کنم) آن قدرها هم از مرحله پرت نمی باشد.

 

So I went over much grass and many flowers and among all kinds of wholesome and delectable trees till lo! in a narrow place between two rocks there came to meet me a great Lion. The speed of him was like the ostrich, and his size was an elephant's; his hair was like pure gold and the brightness of his eyes like gold that is liquid in the furnace. He was more terrible than the Flaming Mountain of Lagour, and in beauty he surpassed all that is in the world even as the rose in bloom surpasses the dust of the desert. Then I fell at his feet and thought, Surely this is the hour of death, for the Lion (who is worthy of all honour) will know that I have served Tash all my days and not him. Nevertheless, it is better to see the Lion and die than to be Tisroc of the world and live and not to have seen him. 

But the Glorious One bent down his golden head and touched my forehead with his tongue and said, Son, thou art welcome. But I said, Alas, Lord, I am no son of thine but the servant of Tash. He answered, Child, all the service thou hast done to Tash, I account as service done to me. Then by reasons of my great desire for wisdom and understanding, I overcame my fear and questioned the Glorious One and said, Lord, is it then true, as the Ape said, that thou and Tash are one? The Lion growled so that the earth shook (but his wrath was not against me) and said, It is false. Not because he and I are one, but because we are opposites, I take to me the services which thou hast done to him. For I and he are of such different kinds that no service which is vile can be done to me, and none which is not vile can be done to him. Therefore if any man swear by Tash and keep his oath for the oath's sake, it is by me that he has truly sworn, though he know it not, and it is I who reward him. And if any man do a cruelty in my name, then, though he says the name Aslan, it is Tash whom he serves and by Tash his deed is accepted. Dost thou understand, Child? I said, Lord, thou knowest how much I understand. But I said also (for the truth constrained me), Yet I have been seeking Tash all my days. Beloved, said the Glorious One, unless thy desire had been for me thou wouldst not have sought so long and so truly. For all find what they truly seek.